Bob Padgett used to work for large insurance companies in
northern California, assessing property damage from fires and floods. But he
was also a talented classical violinist, and he would moonlight for different
orchestras, which is how he came to plumb a century-old mystery called the
Enigma.
In 2006, Padgett was part of an orchestra preparing for a
concert dedicated to the “mysteries and hidden messages” of Edward Elgar’s Variations
on an Original Theme, Enigma, Op. 36. The Enigma
Variations, as it is commonly called, is one of Britain’s most beloved
classical music works. Written between 1898 and 1899, it features 14
variations, one of which has become a kind of British national
elegy, played at Princess Diana’s funeral and performed
annually at the country’s Remembrance Sunday ceremony for fallen
soldiers.
When the Enigma Variations debuted in London in 1899, Elgar
wrote a mysterious note in the playbill:
The Enigma I will not explain – its ‘dark saying’ must be
left unguessed, and I warn you that the connexion between the Variations and
the Theme is often of the slightest texture; further, through and over the
whole set another and larger theme ‘goes’, but is not played …. So the
principal Theme never appears, even as in some late dramas (…) the chief
character is never on the stage.
So what is that enigmatic theme that supposedly runs through
the entire work but is never played? Elgar, who died in 1934, never said. It
has been understood to be a well-known melody that would harmonize with the
music if played along with it. For decades, musicologists, cryptologists and
music lovers have offered up innumerable solutions for the phantom melody. In
1953, the Saturday Review magazine hosted a guessing
contest, eliciting suggestions including a trio from Mozart’s opera Così fan
tutte and a movement of Beethoven’s Pathétique sonata.
In 1960, English musicologist J. A. Westrup said it could be connected to a
passage from Bach’s St Matthew Passion. In 1970, British
musicologist and cryptologist Eric Sams argued that Auld Lang Syne fit
all 14 variations, even though Elgar himself had rejected that solution. In
1984, master violinist and conductor Yehudi Menuhin announced from the stage at Carnegie Hall before
conducting the Enigma Variations that the solution was Rule
Brittania. In 1991, the Sunday Telegraph and the New York Times published British pianist Joseph
Cooper’s solution: part of the second movement of Mozart’s “Prague” Symphony, a
theory endorsed by leading Elgar expert Jerrold Northrop Moore. In 2007, the
150th anniversary of Elgar’s birth, University of Leeds music professor Clive
McClelland offered up a solution to the Enigma: the 19th-century
hymn “Now the Day is Over.” “I suddenly came up with the first few notes of a
promising tune in bed at 4 a.m.,” McClelland said in a press release. “It was a genuine ‘Eureka!’
moment!”
And far from the ivory towers of music academia, mostly on
his blog, Elgar’s Enigma Theme Unmasked, Bob Padgett has emerged as perhaps the
most prolific and dogged of all Enigma seekers. His solution, which has caught
the attention of classical music scholars, lies at the bottom of a rabbit hole
of anagrams, cryptography, the poet Longfellow, the composer Mendelssohn, the
Shroud of Turin, and Jesus, all of which he believes he found hiding in plain
sight in the music.
In 2009, during the global financial crisis, Padgett was
laid off from his insurance job. He moved his family to Plano,
Texas, where his twin brother lives. He began teaching violin and viola full
time, and spent every free moment trying to unwrap the enigma of the Enigma. I
visited him this past August.
Padgett, 47, is a meticulous man. He slicks his dark blond
hair straight back. He wears slender black gloves in the heat of the Texas sun
to protect his violin-playing fingers. He uses the proofreading software
Grammarly to catch typos and lazy vocabulary in his correspondence. He still
recalls the fascination that descended on him during orchestra rehearsals, when
he learned some of the backstory about the Variations. It sounded “kind of like
a murder mystery or something. Like, whodunit,” Padgett told me. “I thought
this would be an interesting puzzle to unravel.”
Padgett said that the more he read about Elgar, the more he
noticed, as he put it on his blog, “an astonishing number of similar life experiences”
between him and the composer. Like Padgett, Elgar once made his living teaching
violin. Elgar’s father was a piano tuner who hated religion; Padgett’s father
was an atheist plumber and trombonist. Elgar’s mother was devoted to the arts
and to God; Padgett’s mother was a violinist who took him and his brother to
Baptist church religiously. A young Elgar tagged along as his dad tuned pianos
and rehearsed in a local orchestra in the English countryside; a young Padgett
grew up in northern California spending evenings at Monterey Symphony concerts
in the front row, where his mother kept an eye on him from the violin section
on stage. Neither Elgar nor Padgett studied music professionally. Padgett
majored in psychology at Vassar, and took counterpoint and composition classes
for fun. He enrolled in law school at Penn—Elgar had also studied law—but
didn’t last a week.
Padgett composed music, too. In 2008, he won the Monterey
Symphony’s composition competition with his original work “Fanfare for the
Eagles,” a two-and-a-half minute showpiece packed with personal symbolism about
the July day in 1969 that Apollo 11 landed on the moon—the same day Padgett and
his twin brother were born, 11 minutes apart. The music began with an A-flat
for (Neil) Armstrong, a B-flat for Buzz (Aldrin), and a C-sharp for (Michael)
Collins, the three astronauts, and like Apollo 11’s lunar descent, the melodic
line descended to the 11th measure. Monterey Symphony music
director Max Bragado-Darman, who conducted the premiere of the piece, told
the Monterey County Weekly that Padgett had “talent and
genius.” It was a fleeting moment of fame for the insurance benefits analyst
from northern California. He entered four more composition competitions, but
didn’t win any of them.
The Variations had turned Elgar, until then a small-town
composer and violin teacher, into an international sensation. Padgett hoped
solving the riddle of Elgar’s work could do much the same for himself. “I
thought, well, if I crack the Enigma Variations, something that nobody has been
able to do successfully, that perhaps I could be a candidate for an honorary
degree, and that then would give me some credibility,” Padgett told me.
He’d play a CD of the Enigma Variations over and again in
his car, and hum famous tunes to see if they’d fit. One of his first was
“Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star,” which was a solution put forth in a book by British Elgar
enthusiast Patrick Turner. Padgett demonstrated it for me as we drove to Whole
Foods for breakfast. He played the opening of the Enigma Variations on his car
stereo, and hummed the nursery rhyme in a minor key along with it. It sounded
awful. “You can try and shoehorn it in, but it doesn’t work,” he said. He
experimented with “God Save the King,” “Rule Britannia,” “Happy Birthday.” “I
just tried out all these different tunes,” he said, “to see if I could get them
to fit. And none of them would. It was very frustrating.”
One day, one of his favorite hymns popped into his head:
Martin Luther’s 16th-century “Ein feste
Burg,” German for “A Mighty Fortress.” He soon dismissed it: The hymn was
the anthem of the Protestant Reformation, and it would have been an odd choice
for a Roman Catholic composer like Elgar.
But he kept at it. His wife, Heather, found him used library
books about Elgar, and he pored over articles. Following a thread in one
scholar’s paper, he began to wonder if Elgar had embedded hidden messages in
his score that could lead him to the right answer. So Padgett gave himself a
crash course in cryptography, reading Simon Singh’s The Code Book—the version adapted for young readers.
Following a tip from the book, he set off looking for anomalies in the
Enigma Variations that he could grab onto to find the mystery melody.
He started with one variation that is not like the others.
Variation XIII features directly quoted notes from Felix Mendelssohn’s concert
overture Meeresstille und glückliche Fahrt (Calm Sea and
Prosperous Voyage), Op. 27.
Padgett wondered: Did Elgar quote Mendelssohn to hint that
Mendelssohn himself had once quoted the mystery melody? Then he thought: Did
Mendelssohn ever quote any famous tunes in his music? In fact, Mendelssohn did,
in a number of his works. One of them, his famous Reformation Symphony, features
the hymn “Ein feste Burg.”
In between music lessons, Padgett filled two notebooks with
attempts to find hidden codes in the music. He tried a substitution cipher, a
classic encryption technique, matching the opening musical notes of the Enigma
Variations to the letters M-A-R-T-I-N L-U-T-H-E-R, to see if any messages would
emerge. None did. He did the same with D-A-R-K S-A-Y-I-N-G, after Elgar’s reference
to a “dark saying.” That also led to a dead end. He even tried translating the
melody’s rhythm into Morse code.
Finally, he found what he calls on his blog the Music Box Cipher. I asked my father, who studied math and
music theory in college, to read through the blog post with me, and it took us
about an hour to understand it. Padgett noticed there were 24 notes in the main
Enigma melody, and 24 letters in the opening phrase of Luther’s hymn, “Ein
feste Burg ist unser Gott” (“A mighty fortress is our God”). Looking for a
connection between the two, he employed a code-breaking tactic called frequency
analysis to look for a substitution cipher, the same kind of complex encryption
that was hardwired into the Nazis’ Enigma
machines. (Some have suggested the Enigma encryption device, used by
the Germans to relay secret messages during World War II, was named after
Elgar’s Enigma Variations.) In frequency analysis, a code breaker identifies
the most repeated letters and letter groupings in a coded message, and
substitutes them for the most common letters and letter groupings in the
language in which the code was written. Padgett counted the frequency of
letters in “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott” (four E’s and T’s; two G’s, I’s,
N’s, R’s and U’s; and so on), and matched it with the number of times a
particular musical note in the Enigma melody was played with a note in the
Enigma’s harmony (four C/G pairs, two C/B-flat pairs). Using this method, he
translated the 24 note-pairs of the Enigma melody into letters. There were a
number of different possible combinations, mostly gibberish. One combination,
Padgett wrote in his blog, “Can only be described as breathtaking”:
GSUS GRTS INOU BETR TENI FETE
It’s an anagram of “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott.” In
Padgett’s interpretation, GSUS GRTS is a phonetic spelling for Jesus
Gratias, or “thanks be to Jesus,” mirroring “Deo Gratias,” a Latin phrase
said during Mass that Elgar’s wife once wrote in her diary. INOU BETR is a
phonetic spelling for “I know you better.” Five months before Elgar began
writing the Enigma Variations, a historic event took place that would have
helped him know Jesus better: The first photograph of the Shroud of
Turin was produced, giving Roman Catholic believers an opportunity to
view the face of their savior. TENI, Padgett says, recalls the Aramaic word
“teni” used by Jesus in the New Testament (biblical commentary written during
Elgar’s time called “teni” Aramaic, though it is Hebrew). Scrambled, it spells
“nite,” as in “night.” Add FETE, the phonetic spelling of “feat,” and the
phrase is “night feat,” recalling Elgar’s description of the Enigma as a “dark
saying.” All together, a hidden message in four languages — English, Latin,
German, Aramaic — the first letters of which spell out E-L-G-AR. “Such an
incredible outcome could only be the result of a deliberate, premeditated plan,
one far beyond my limited powers of invention,” Padgett wrote.
Over the course of seven years of work, and in more
than 100 detailed blog posts, Padgett identified about 40 other
clues that support his theory, weaving a confounding web of musicological,
literary, theological, and historical references. There are the key signatures
of the Enigma theme, G major and G minor, that feature only three telltale
accidentals, or notes played with flats or sharps: E, F and B — the initials of
“Ein feste Burg.” There’s the fact that Elgar finished writing the music on
February 19, 1899, but on the score erroneously wrote February 18— the same day “Ein feste Burg” composer Martin
Luther died. And there’s the novel that Elgar gave the conductor who premiered
the Enigma Variations: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Hyperion, which quotes the opening stanza of “Ein feste Burg.” “With that
book Elgar literally gave away the answer,” Padgett wrote.
If the Martin Luther hymn is the missing tune, why did Elgar
choose it? Padgett has that worked out, too. The day before Elgar first played
the Enigma theme for his wife, he said he was considering composing a symphony
to honor General Charles Gordon, the British Army officer and war hero killed
in the 1885 Battle of Khartoum by Muslim forces after refusing to forsake
Christianity for Islam. Gordon “simmereth mighty pleasantly in my (brain) pan,”
Elgar wrote the very day he debuted the Enigma theme. Elgar, Padgett concluded,
wanted to commemorate Gordon’s “mighty” faith by choosing “A Mighty Fortress,”
a war hymn that, throughout history, had been sung by armies before battle.
While Padgett taught an afternoon violin lesson in the
carpeted den of his modest apartment, I sat at a table off to the side and
thumbed through the notebooks he used to sketch out his solution. Depending on
your point of view, they resemble either the messy chalkboard equations of a
brilliant scientist, or the desk-drawer musings of a madman. A matrix of
musical notes and capital letters spills across the grid paper’s tiny cells.
Letters are written in red and blue. Some are circled in black or grouped
together in highlighter yellow. Others are connected by lines, like snakes and
ladders.
The solution came to him, Padgett says, after he turned to
God. “I remember reading the Book of Daniel, and how Daniel was presented with
an impossible puzzle,” Padgett told me. In the Bible, King Nebuchadnezzar
challenged the wise men of his kingdom to decipher his dream without telling
them what the dream was, much like Elgar’s challenge to identify a theme that
wasn’t even there. Daniel sought help from God, who revealed the answer. So did
Padgett.
“There were so many great musicians who had come before me
with far more talent and ability than I will ever have, and they couldn’t
figure it out,” Padgett said. “That’s when I had to be humble and say, you know
what? I need God’s help. That’s the only way that I can figure this
out.”
Padgett’s theory of secret codes and subterfuge might easily
be categorized as Da Vinci Code fan fiction if it
were not for one historical fact: Elgar was a master of cryptography.
Elgar solved a Nihilist cipher—an encryption technique used
by Russians battling the Tsarist regime in the 1880s – that a British newspaper
article on cryptography had deemed unsolvable. The solution involved a Polybius
square, the same classic cryptographic device Padgett believes Elgar used to
encode the string of letters in the Enigma theme—GSUS, INOU BETR, and so on.
(Those phonetic spellings, too, are characteristic of Elgar. He loved wordplay.
In letters to a friend in 1899, the same year he was working on his Enigma
Variations, he wrote the word score alternatively as skore,
skoughre, cszquórr, çkor and ssczowoughOHr.) One year before he began composing
the Enigma Variations, he sent his friend Dora Penny a coded letter of 87
squiggly Arabesques. Dubbed the Dorabella Cipher, it remains one of cryptography’s most
famous and elusive codes, which has attracted its own underground community of
codebreakers.
Elgar was a skilled cryptographer, and he
liked to communicate with his friends in codes that he created. The “Dorabella
Cipher” was invented for an 1898 letter to his friend Dora Penny.
If Elgar did write codes into his music, he wouldn’t have been the first to do so. Bach used a musical cryptogram, in which musical notes stand for letters, to encode his own four-letter name in his unfinished work The Art of the Fugue. Brahms and Schumann encoded their names in their works, too. One British musicologist has suggested Elgar musically encoded the names of people he disliked in The Dream of Geronitus, a work he composed a year after finishing the Enigma Variations. And if Elgar’s Enigma was indeed an actual musical counterpoint, and not just a concept, it wouldn’t have been his first, either. Elgar loved composing harmonic counterpoints to famous classical music works. When he was 12 years old, he wrote a counterpoint to Handel’s “Messiah,” and sneaked it into the sheet music his father, who owned a music shop, provided to a prominent choir. The year after Elgar completed the Enigma Variations, he began writing his Cockaigne overture, a section of which (about romantic couples) serves as a counterpoint to the “Wedding March” from Mendelssohn’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
All of which is to say that if anyone would have risen to
the seemingly impossible challenge of composing 30 minutes of complex and
varied symphonic harmonies and rhythms to fit one master counterpoint tune,
while simultaneously braiding in about 40 convoluted ciphers, and managing to
make the whole thing stir audiences to tears—it would have been Elgar.
Julian Rushton, professor emeritus of music at the
University of Leeds, is one of the world’s foremost Elgar experts, and he does
not approve of the sleuthing approach to the Variations. His 1999 book, Elgar: Enigma Variations, called recent research on
ciphers “a postmodern mingling of scientific positivism…with fantasy.” Based on
the various clues Elgar offered in his lifetime, Rushton laid out five criteria
he believed must be met, and had yet to be met, if an Enigma solution indeed
exists. The solution must reveal a “dark saying,” and must find “another and
larger theme” which goes “over the whole set” of variations, as Elgar noted in
the program note of the premiere. It must involve a “well-known” theme or piece
of music, must explain why his friend Dora Penny should have been able to guess
it, as Elgar once quipped, and must take into account a cryptic remark Elgar
once made about a falling musical interval in the Enigma theme. “I rather hoped
these criteria would act as a deterrent,” Rushton wrote in the Elgar
Society Journal ten years later. “Instead they have served a number of
would-be solvers to structure their arguments.”
Rushton was one of the first scholars Padgett contacted when
he arrived at his theory. He told Padgett it was incompatible—not only the
thought of a Roman Catholic composer picking a Protestant anthem, but the hymn
itself was a poor musical fit with the main Enigma theme. “Ein feste Burg”
seemed to work with the famous Nimrod movement, but not with the most important
section: the opening theme.
In 2015, after consulting an obscure set of notes Elgar
wrote about the Variations, Padgett believed he finally found the right
counterpoint, the one Elgar intended. It’s a mashup of the three famous
renditions of the hymn: the 16th century Martin Luther version, the 18th century
Bach version, and the 19th century Mendelssohn version. Played backwards.
Padgett made a recording of the composite
hymn played in reverse on top of the Enigma theme, and put it on
YouTube. To my ear, it sounds perfect. When I asked Rushton about it, he said
Padgett distorted the rhythm and mixed between the major and minor keys to get
it to harmonize. “Nice to have a good laugh occasionally,” Rushton wrote me.
“The backwards ‘Ein feste Burg’ shows that Mr Padgett is ingenious, if nothing
else, in pursuing his obsession.”
Most Elgar scholars I contacted said they have stopped
responding to Padgett’s persistent inquiries. “I don’t have a lot of time for
Mr. Padgett’s theories, and our correspondence was less than amicable,” wrote
Clive McClelland, the music professor who published his own Enigma solution in
the prestigious Musical Times journal in 2007. One professor
at the University of London, who asked for anonymity so Padgett wouldn’t follow
up, called Padgett’s theory an “attempt to create a reality effect through the
excessive presentation of material which the reader is meant to assume is
somehow evidence.” No composer, the professor added, would have been mad enough
to attempt the extraordinarily difficult compositional acrobatics that Padgett
suggests. In fact, many scholars think there is no hidden tune at all—that the
Enigma was one of Elgar’s many practical jokes, or that the answer was a
non-musical concept, like friendship, or the loneliness of the artist, or even
a repressed
homosexuality. The Enigma, the professor wrote in an email, is “endlessly
fascinating—precisely because it’s so resistant to a solution. There can be few
hobbies that are so absorbing, and so
constantly generous in the time they offer to the hobbyist, than the pursuit of
a solution that doesn’t exist.”
Apart from the Enigma, Padgett has endorsed other theories
that academics tend to reject. He supports creationism over evolutionary
theory. He believes record high temperatures in the summer of 2015 were divine
retribution for the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. He
shared a story on Facebook about an Ohio warehouse of fraudulent ballots filled
out for Hillary Clinton before the presidential election, a story later
debunked as fake news. In essence, Elgar scholars have dismissed Padgett’s
Enigma theory as fake news, too.
On his blog, Padgett accused Rushton of “intellectual
blindness” and “academic malpractice” for questioning the existence of an
Enigma. He also contends that English scholars are too protective of their
prized composer to consider the theory of a layperson such as him. “I’m an
outsider, you know. I’m not one of these credentialed academics. I’m not
published,” he said. “Who am I to presume that I could fathom the dark secrets
of one of their foremost composers?”
Shortly before I left Texas, Padgett turned the pages of his
piano score to Variation XII, my favorite, and began to play. There it
was, the chest ache I get whenever I hear that cello melody. (I played the
Enigma Variations as a cellist in a city youth orchestra when I was in high
school.) It was an uncontrollable emotional trigger. I drowned in it. It’s the
way most people experience music. It moves you, even if you don’t quite know
how. It’s a language you understand, even if you don’t get the grammar.
There is another way to experience music, and that is
Padgett’s way: to dissect it, to learn its grammar, and, ultimately, to borrow
a phrase from the sequence of coded letters he discovered, to know it better.
For Padgett, who is very religious, wrestling with Elgar’s work is akin to
studying the Bible. It is reassurance that a grand, intelligent design exists.
“For him, it’s a religious text,” his wife told me. “But he didn’t want to go
on faith alone. He wanted solid proof.”
He’s still tinkering with his theory, looking for more
hidden clues, editing his blog, pestering scholars, trying to spread his
gospel. I asked Padgett when his pursuit will come to an end. “I think when the
scholars can finally arrive at a consensus and agree on a solution,” Padgett
said. “But I’ll probably have to wait till 2034.”
On the centennial of Elgar’s death, the Elgar Birthplace Museum in
England, home to valuable Elgar archives, is set to open a mysterious envelope
given to the museum by donors. Some Enigma-seekers believe the solution to the
Enigma is in the envelope. (“It is certainly not about the Enigma Variations,”
the museum director told me when I called. He said it had to do with sketches
from another Elgar work, but wouldn’t elaborate.) Padgett told me he fantasizes
about the envelope being opened in 2034 and his proposed solution being found
inside, written in Elgar’s handwriting. But he doesn’t think that will actually
happen. More likely, he says, the composer sealed in the envelope yet another
coded message to crack.
Daniel Estrin is a
journalist based in Jerusalem. He reports for The Associated Press, NPR, and
other outlets.
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De NEW REPUBLIC, 01/02/2017
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